How are dynamics typically notated in sheet music?

Dynamics in sheet music are primarily notated using symbols such as "p" for pianissimo (very soft) and "f" for fortissimo (very loud). These standard musical markings provide clear and concise instructions to performers about the intended volume of a given passage. The use of these notational symbols allows for an efficient method of indicating dynamics without cluttering the score with lengthy descriptions, making it easier for musicians to read and interpret the music quickly.

The other options would not be typical methods of notating dynamics in sheet music. For instance, while words and phrases can indicate dynamics, they are less direct and more variable in meaning. Similarly, the idea of using colors to convey loudness is not a conventional practice in traditional sheet music. Finally, varying the size of notes is not a recognized technique for indicating dynamics, as the size of the notes primarily conveys rhythmic values rather than volume. Thus, choice C accurately reflects the standard notation practices for dynamics in sheet music.