What does the term 'counterpoint' in music refer to?

The term 'counterpoint' in music specifically refers to the technique of combining independent melodies that interact with one another. This form of musical composition allows for different voices or lines to have their own distinct melodic and rhythmic identities while still being harmonically compatible. The effectiveness of counterpoint lies in the way these independent melodies weave together, creating a rich tapestry of sound that enhances the overall musical piece.

This approach has a long historical significance, especially in Western classical music, where composers like Johann Sebastian Bach exemplified the use of counterpoint in their works. It enables a conversation between the melodic lines, often leading to intricate relationships and textures within the music, making it a foundational element in many genres, especially during the Baroque period.

While the other options touch on related musical concepts, they do not capture the essence of counterpoint. Using a single melodic line pertains more to monophonic music, applying complex harmonies relates to harmonic structure rather than the interplay of melodies, and employing a steady bass line focuses on a singular aspect of musical texture rather than the concept of combining multiple independent lines. Thus, the definition captured by the correct answer is crucial for understanding this key compositional technique.